| Classwise Science MCQ Questions with Solutions (Class 6th to 10th) | ||||||||||||||
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| Classwise Science MCQ Questions with Solutions (Class 11th) | ||||||||||||||
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| Classwise Science MCQ Questions with Solutions (Class 12th) | ||||||||||||||
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Class 10th Science MCQ Questions
1. Chemical Reactions And Equations
This chapter introduces **chemical reactions**, processes where substances change into new ones by breaking and forming chemical bonds. It teaches how to represent these changes using **chemical equations** and the essential practice of balancing them to obey the **Law of Conservation of Mass**. Various types of reactions, including combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, oxidation, and reduction (Redox reactions), are explained with examples. Recognizing the signs of a chemical change, like colour change or gas evolution, is also covered, providing a basis for understanding chemical transformations in the world around us.
2. Acids, Bases And Salts
This chapter explores the properties and behaviour of three important classes of chemical compounds: **acids**, **bases**, and **salts**, commonly found in nature and laboratories. Acids are typically sour and turn blue litmus red; bases are bitter, soapy, and turn red litmus blue. **Indicators** are used to distinguish them. The **pH scale** is introduced as a measure of acidity or alkalinity ($\textsf{pH} < 7$ acid, $> 7$ base). The reaction between an acid and a base is **neutralisation** ($\textsf{Acid} + \textsf{Base} \rightarrow \textsf{Salt} + \textsf{Water}$). Preparation and uses of common salts are also discussed.
3. Metals And Non-Metals
This chapter classifies common materials into **metals** and **non-metals** based on their distinct physical and chemical properties. Physical properties include malleability, ductility, conductivity of heat and electricity, lustre, and hardness. Chemical properties cover their reactions with air, water, acids, and bases. The **Reactivity Series** of metals is introduced to understand the relative reactivity and predict **displacement reactions**. The formation of **ionic compounds** by electron transfer between metals and non-metals is explained, along with their properties. Common metallurgical processes, **corrosion** (like rusting), and prevention methods are discussed.
4. Carbon And Its Compounds
This chapter focuses on **carbon**, an element forming a vast number of compounds due to its unique properties like **catenation** (self-linking) and **tetravalency**. **Covalent bonding** is explained. It introduces **hydrocarbons** (saturated and unsaturated) and different functional groups (like alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids), which determine the properties of organic compounds. The **IUPAC nomenclature** system for naming these compounds, isomerism, homologous series, and key reactions (e.g., combustion, oxidation, addition, substitution) are discussed. Properties of soaps and detergents are also covered, highlighting the versatility of carbon chemistry.
5. Periodic Classification Of Elements
This chapter explores the need for classifying elements and traces the historical efforts, including those by Dobereiner (Triads) and Newlands (Law of Octaves). **Mendeleev's Periodic Table**, based on atomic mass, is discussed, along with its achievements and limitations. The **Modern Periodic Table**, based on the atomic number, is presented, explaining the arrangement of elements in periods and groups. The **periodicity of properties** such as atomic size, valency, metallic and non-metallic character, and electronegativity across periods and down groups is explored, demonstrating how classifying elements helps predict their properties and reactivity.
6. Life Processes
This comprehensive chapter covers the fundamental **life processes** that are essential for the survival and maintenance of living organisms. These include **nutrition** (obtaining and utilising food), **respiration** (release of energy from food), **transportation** (movement of substances within the body - circulation in animals, xylem/phloem in plants), and **excretion** (removal of metabolic waste products). These processes are discussed in detail with reference to both plant and animal life, including the human body systems involved, showcasing the complex coordination required for life.
7. Control And Coordination
This chapter explores how organisms **control** their actions and **coordinate** their functions to respond to stimuli from the environment and maintain internal balance. In animals, the **nervous system** (brain, spinal cord, nerves) provides rapid control through nerve impulses, and the **endocrine system** provides slower, hormonal coordination. Reflex actions are explained. In plants, coordination is primarily achieved through **plant hormones** (phytohormones) regulating growth and development, and responses to stimuli like light (phototropism) and gravity (geotropism). This shows the intricate ways organisms adapt and survive.
8. How Do Organisms Reproduce?
**Reproduction** is the biological process by which organisms create new individuals, ensuring the continuity of species. This chapter discusses various methods of reproduction. **Asexual reproduction**, involving a single parent, includes methods like fission, fragmentation, regeneration, budding, vegetative propagation, and spore formation, with examples from different organisms. **Sexual reproduction**, involving two parents and the fusion of gametes, is covered in detail for plants (pollination, fertilisation) and animals (including the human reproductive system), highlighting its importance in introducing variation.
9. Heredity And Evolution
This chapter explores the fascinating concepts of **heredity** (the passing of traits from parents to offspring) and **evolution** (the gradual change in organisms over many generations). It introduces **Mendel's experiments** on pea plants and his fundamental laws of inheritance. Concepts like genes, alleles, genotype, phenotype, and patterns of inheritance are explained. The chapter also discusses the mechanisms and evidence for evolution, including the role of **variation**, **natural selection**, and the study of fossils, illustrating how life forms have diversified and adapted over millions of years.
10. Light – Reflection And Refraction
This physics chapter investigates the behaviour of **light**. It explains **reflection**, the bouncing back of light from a surface (like a mirror), and its laws. Image formation by plane mirrors and **spherical mirrors** (concave and convex) is discussed using ray diagrams and the mirror formula ($\frac{1}{\textsf{v}} + \frac{1}{\textsf{u}} = \frac{1}{\textsf{f}}$). **Refraction**, the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, is explained, along with **Snell's Law** ($\textsf{n}_1 \sin \theta_1 = \textsf{n}_2 \sin \theta_2$). Image formation by **lenses** (convex and concave) and the lens formula are also covered, fundamental to understanding optics.
11. The Human Eye And The Colourful World
This chapter focuses on the **human eye**, our natural optical instrument, explaining its structure and how it functions to enable vision. Common vision defects like myopia, hypermetropia, and presbyopia and their correction using lenses are discussed. The chapter also explores various optical phenomena observed in nature, such as the **dispersion of white light** into its constituent colours by a prism (forming a spectrum), **atmospheric refraction** (leading to twinkling of stars and advanced sunrise), and **scattering of light** (explaining the blue colour of the sky and the reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise/sunset).
12. Electricity
This fundamental physics chapter deals with **electric current**, the flow of electric charge. Concepts like electric potential and potential difference ($\textsf{V}$), **Ohm's Law** ($\textsf{V = IR}$), resistance ($\textsf{R}$), resistivity ($\rho$), and factors affecting resistance are explained. Combination of resistors in series and parallel circuits are analysed. The chapter also covers the **heating effect of electric current** ($\textsf{H} = \textsf{I}^2\textsf{Rt}$), its applications in devices like heaters and bulbs, and the concept of **electric power** ($\textsf{P} = \textsf{VI}$), which is the rate at which electrical energy is consumed or produced.
13. Magnetic Effects Of Electric Current
This chapter explores the close relationship between electricity and magnetism. It explains that an **electric current** creates a **magnetic field** around it. The magnetic field patterns due to currents in straight wires, circular loops, and solenoids are discussed. The **force exerted on a current-carrying conductor** placed in a magnetic field is explained, along with **Fleming's Left-Hand Rule**. The working principle of an **electric motor** is covered. The chapter also introduces **electromagnetic induction** – the phenomenon of inducing current by changing magnetic fields – and the working principle of an **electric generator**, demonstrating the interconversion of electrical and mechanical energy.
14. Sources Of Energy
This chapter discusses various **sources of energy** that we use to power our daily lives. It categorizes energy sources into **conventional** (non-renewable like fossil fuels – coal, petroleum, natural gas; and renewable like hydroelectricity) and **non-conventional** or **renewable** sources (like solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy). The chapter evaluates these sources based on their availability, environmental impact, and efficiency, emphasizing the need for sustainable energy solutions and promoting the use of renewable energy sources, especially crucial for India's energy needs.
15. Our Environment
This chapter introduces the concept of the **environment** and the interactions between its components. It defines **ecosystems**, comprising biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors, and discusses how energy flows through them via **food chains** and **food webs**. Environmental problems like **waste generation** and its impact, the composition of waste, and methods of disposal are discussed. The chapter also touches upon the issue of **ozone layer depletion** and its consequences, highlighting the importance of understanding environmental issues and taking steps to protect our planet for future generations.
16. Sustainable Management Of Natural Resources
This chapter focuses on the wise and responsible use and management of **natural resources** such as forests, wildlife, water, coal, and petroleum, emphasizing the need for **sustainability**. It discusses the importance of conserving these resources for both ecological balance and future human needs, particularly relevant in a resource-dependent country like India. Traditional practices and modern methods for conservation are explored. The chapter promotes the principle of **Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3 Rs)** as a strategy for resource management and discusses the need for public participation in environmental protection efforts.